List the LOAC principles that govern conduct of operations (distinct from policy).

• A. Proportionality, Distinction, Precautions, and Military Necessity
• B. Military Necessity, Precautions, Distinction, and Proportionality
• C. Distinction, Proportionality, Military Necessity, and Precautions
• D. Precautions, Distinction, Proportionality, and ROE

Answer: (C)

Four LOAC principles guide how operations are conducted: Distinction, Proportionality, Military Necessity, and Precautions. Distinction requires forces to target only military objectives and combatants, not civilians or civilian objects. Proportionality limits the force used to what is necessary to achieve a legitimate military objective, so civilian harm and collateral damage aren’t excessive in relation to the military gain. Military Necessity permits only actions that are necessary to achieve a legitimate military objective and are not unlawful or excessive. Precautions mandate taking feasible steps to minimize civilian harm and damage to civilian objects, such as choosing safer means and methods, verifying targets, and providing warnings when feasible. These four form the LOAC framework for conduct, separate from policy tools like Rules of Engagement (ROE). Therefore, the option listing Distinction, Proportionality, Military Necessity, and Precautions is the best answer.