What are the core elements of Information Operations (IO)?

• A. Deception
• B. Electronic warfare
• C. Electronic warfare, deception, computer network operations, operations security, and military information support operations.
• D. Cyber hygiene and procurement operations

Answer: (C)

Information operations rely on a coordinated mix of activities that shape the information environment, influence decisions, and protect friendly information and capabilities. The full set of elements includes electronic warfare, deception, computer network operations, operations security, and military information support operations. Electronic warfare targets the electromagnetic spectrum to deny, disrupt, or degrade adversary information and sensing while preserving our own. Deception aims to mislead the opponent about capabilities, intentions, or vulnerabilities, creating uncertainty and poor decisions. Computer network operations encompass actions to gain, disrupt, or defend information networks, spanning both offensive and defensive cyber tasks. Operations security focuses on protecting sensitive information and processes from being exposed, so the enemy cannot exploit weaknesses in our operations. Military information support operations seek to influence foreign audiences and shape their perceptions and actions in support of national objectives through careful messaging and information campaigns. Together, these components cover the breadth of Information Operations, making the comprehensive set the best answer. The other options only name one element or mix in unrelated concepts (like cyber hygiene or procurement), which don’t capture the full range of IO activities.