Which of the following best lists the core elements of Information Operations (IO)?

• A. Deception, intelligence gathering, logistics management.
• B. Electronic warfare and space operations only.
• C. Electronic warfare, deception, computer network operations, operations security, and military information support operations.
• D. Cyber defense, operations planning, and supply chain security.

Answer: (C)

Information Operations aims to shape and influence the information environment across multiple domains to affect an adversary’s decisions and actions. The best answer lists electronic warfare, deception, computer network operations, operations security, and military information support operations. Electronic warfare disrupts or denies the adversary access to the electromagnetic spectrum and signals. Deception is about feeding the adversary misleading information to confuse timing, intentions, or capabilities. Computer network operations cover actions in cyberspace to protect our own networks while impairing or degrading enemy networks. Operations security protects critical information from being exposed, reducing exploitable weaknesses. Military information support operations seek to influence the perceptions and behavior of target audiences through carefully crafted messaging and information campaigns.

Other options mix in activities that aren’t part of IO’s typical set, such as intelligence gathering, logistics, space-focused operations, or cyber defense and supply chain concerns, which aren’t included in the listed elements of Information Operations. The combination above best matches how IO is framed and practiced.